The ACDI-Corrections Version II
is a comprehensive juvenile (male and female) assessment or screening
test. It is used in juvenile courts (drug courts, family courts,
municipal courts, etc.), probation departments, community corrections
and treatment programs. If the intent is to identify disturbed and/or
violent juveniles so they can be helped, you should consider the
ACDI-Corrections Version II. It is appropriate for misdemeanor and
felony cases. The ACDI-Corrections Version II has impressively
demonstrated reliability, validity and accuracy.
APPLICATIONS
** ACDI-Corrections Version II **
Juvenile courts
Family and juvenile drug courts
Juvenile (male and female) probation departments
Juvenile assessment, counseling and treatment agencies
Juvenile community
corrections
Description
The ACDI-Corrections Version II
(Version II) is an automated (computer scored) juvenile assessment
instrument or test. It consists of 140 items and takes 25 to 30 minutes
to complete. Version II contains seven measures (scales):
1. Truthfulness Scale,
2. Alcohol Scale,
3.
Drugs Scale,
4. Violence (Lethality)
Scale, 5. Distress Scale,
6. Adjustment Scale and
7. Stress Coping
Abilities Scale.
Seven Scales (Measures)
The seven
ACDI-Corrections Version II scales are described as follows:
Truthfulness
Scale: Measures the juvenile's truthfulness
while completing the test. It identifies denial, guardedness, problem
minimization and faking. The Truthfulness Scale detects "faking good."
Alcohol Scale:
Measures alcohol use, the severity of abuse and the presence of
alcohol-related problems. "Alcohol" refers to beer, wine and other
liquors.
Drugs Scale:
Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. "Drugs" refers to marijuana (pot),
crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. This scale is
independent of the Alcohol Scale described above.
Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the
use of force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale identifies the
youth's danger to self and others.
Distress Scale: Measures strain imposed by
pain, worry, anxiety, depression, physical torment or suffering.
Distress is the most common reason for juveniles to seek
counseling.
Adjustment
Scale: Measures the youth's ability to adapt, conform
and function. This scale recognizes personal and social stressors at
home, at school and in authority relationships. It incorporates
personal and social forces involved in adapting to one's
environment.
Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures the youth's
ability to cope with stress, anxiety and pressure. Stress exacerbates
symptoms of emotional and mental health problems. This scale is a
non-introversive way to screen for the presence of established
emotional and mental health problems.
ACDI: THE SHORTER 5 SCALE
VERSION
As noted earlier, the
ACDI-Corrections Version II, or Version II, has seven measures (scales),
consists of 140 items, has a Violence (Lethality) Scale and takes 30 minutes to
complete. The Adolescent Chemical Dependency Inventory, or ACDI, is a
shorter version (105 items), does not have the Violence (Lethality) Scale and
takes 15 to 20 minutes to complete. The ACDI has five scales
(measures): 1. Truthfulness
Scale, 2. Adjustment
Scale, 3. Distress Scale,
4. Alcohol Scale,
5. Drugs Scale.
To go directly to the ACDI web page, click on the ACDI link. The choice
is yours.
* * * *
*
Why use the
ACDI-Corrections Version II? While adult crime rates have recently fallen
across the U.S., they have risen among the nation's youth. For example,
as the adult arrest rate for murder fell from 1978 to 1993, the juvenile
murder rate rose by 77%. And, at the same time, the arrest rate of youth
for all violent crimes climbed 79%. These statistics underscore the need
for meaningful and accurate juvenile assessment. Early detection of a
troubled youth's problems facilitates quicker intervention and
treatment. This type of information also helps in
deciding upon counseling, treatment, probation, levels of supervision
and incarceration alternatives. The ACDI-Corrections Version II is
designed to meet these needs. It is much more than just another alcohol
or drug test. Version II's seven scales (measures) acquire important
information often missed by other tests.
"Appropriate for Misdemeanor and Felony
Offenders"
At one sitting of approximately 30
minutes in duration, staff can acquire a vast amount of juvenile-related
information, which includes attitudes, substance abuse involvement,
acting out (violence)
propensity, perceived distress and coping behaviors. Early problem
identification facilitates timely intervention and improved treatment
results.
Advantages of
Screening
Screening or assessment
instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may
re-quire referral for a more comprehensive evaluation and/or treatment.
This filtering system works as follows:
ACDI-CORRECTIONS VERSION
II RISK RANGES
Risk
Category
Risk Range Percentile
Total Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe
Problem
90 -
100%
11%
Reference to the above Risk Range
table shows that the risk is not identified as a problem until a scale score is at
the 70th percentile or higher. These risk range percentiles are based
upon the norms of thousands of troubled youths that have taken the
ACDI-Corrections Version II. This procedure is eminently fair, and it
avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of
problems and risk.
A state, department, juvenile
court, family and juvenile drug court or agency policy might refer
clients with identified problems for further evaluation, intervention or
treatment. In this case, 31% of the youths screened (problem risk and
severe problem) would be referred. Or, policy might only refer clients
with serious problems (severe problem, 11%) for additional services. In
these examples, 69% or 89% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the
people screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive)
services.
Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large, with no
compromises for needy youths receiving appropriate evaluation and/or
treatment services. Accordingly, more needy youths would receive help.
Without a screening program, there is usually more risk of over or
under-utilization of additional professional services.
The ACDI-Corrections Version II
scales identify the areas it screens. And, these scales (measures) are:
1. Truthfulness
Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 5. Distress Scale,
6. Adjustment
Scale and 7. Stress Coping
Abilities Scale.
Test
Booklets
ACDI-Corrections Version II test
booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 140 items (true/false
and multiple choice) and are written at a fifth to sixth grade reading
level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the
ACDI-Corrections Version II. It takes on average 25 to 30 minutes to
complete this test. Test booklets are available in English and
Spanish.
Reports
In brief, ACDI-Corrections Version
II reports summarize the youth's self-reported history, explain what
attained scale scores mean and offer specific score-related
recommendations.
Within 2½ minutes of test data
entry, automated (computer scored) four-page reports are printed on-site.
These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood
format. For example, these reports include a Version II profile (graph),
which summarizes troubled youth findings at a glance. Also included are
attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means and
specific score-related recommendations. In addition, significant items
(direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to a built-in interview
(last sequence of multiple choice items) are presented. Emphasis is
placed on having meaningful reports that are helpful and easily
understood. Click the following linkf for an ACDI
Corrections Version II Web Article
"Provides a sound empirical basis for
decisions"
Software
The ACDI-Corrections Version II is
available on Windows diskettes. Windows diskettes require a one-time
computer setup procedure after which Version II data diskettes are used
to score and print reports. Training manuals are provided, and new test
users can be walked through these scoring procedures over the Risk &
Needs Assessment, Inc. (Risk & Needs) telephone line at (602) 234-3506.
Proprietary ACDI-Corrections
Version II diskettes (Version II) contain 25 or 50 test applications.
These 3½" diskettes score, interpret and print reports on-site. Once an
ACDI-Corrections Version II account is established, ordered diskettes
are filled and mailed to users. Approximately 97% of orders are filled
and mailed back to users the same day. When all test applications are
used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, where the demographics
(age, gender, and ethnicity) and test data are downloaded into Version
II's database for subsequent database analysis. The proprietary "delete
names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to
delete all juvenile names from diskettes before they are returned to
Risk & Needs. Deleting all juvenile names insures protection of each
youth's confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (Federal Regulation 45
C.F.R. 164.501).
Database
The ACDI-Corrections Version II
(Version II) system contains a proprietary built-in database. Earlier,
it was noted that all Version II used diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs and
the test data is downloaded into the Version II database. This expanding
database allows ongoing research and test program summary features that
were not available before. Ongoing research insures quality control.
Testing program summaries provide for program self-evaluation.
Built-in
database. Version II permits ongoing research and annual
program summary -- at no additional cost. As discussed earlier, when the
25 or 50-test diskettes are used, these diskettes are returned to Risk
& Needs, checked for viruses and downloaded into the expanding
Version II database. Advantages of this proprietary database are many,
and include database (research) analysis and annual testing program
summary reports.
No personal information, names,
social security numbers, etc. are ever downloaded into any test
database.
Returned diskettes can be
summarized on a state, department or agency basis -- at no additional
cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information that permits
testing program review.
After Risk & Needs downloads test data, returned
diskettes are destroyed.
In summary, having all returned
ACDI-Corrections Version II test data centrally filed at Risk &
Needs' offices in the Version II database has many advantages. Database
analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale
alpha coefficients, ANOVA, frequency distributions, correlations, and
cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy
determinations.
Annual Summary
Reports
Risk & Needs can access each
of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and
summarization of all tests administered over a year. Annual Summary
Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some
individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided
as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports
include demographics, court-history (when relevant), and test statistics
(reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize
your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum
testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum
limit. Risk & Needs' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to
over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report
is available.
Reliability, Validity and
Accuracy
The ACDI-Corrections Version II
has a built-in proprietary database that insures inclusion of all
administered tests in a confidential (no names) manner. Over 80,000
juveniles' test data are represented in the ACDI and ACDI-Corrections
Version II database. The resulting reliability, validity and accuracy statistics
are reported in the document titled "ACDI: An Inventory of Scientific
Findings." Annual database analysis demonstrates that ACDI-Corrections
Version II scales have very high reliability coefficients with minimum
interscale correlations.
For example, internal
consistencies (alpha coefficients) for ACDI-Corrections Version II
scales are reported in the following table for some troubled youth
(N=2,180) screened in the year 2002. This is only one among many year
2002 samples.
RELIABILITY OF THE
ACDI-CV II (N=2,180, 2002)
ACDI-Corrections Version II Scales
Alpha Coefficient
Significance Level
Truthfulness
.86
p<.001
Alcohol
.90
p<.001
Drugs
.89
p<.001
Violence (Lethality)
.85
p<.001
Distress
.88
p<.001
Adjustment
.85
p<.001
Stress Coping
.90
p<.001
All Version II scales have alpha
coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and
are highly reliable. All alpha coefficients are significant at the
p < .001 level.
ACDI-Corrections Version II
research extends over 12 years. Many studies have been conducted on
thousands of juveniles using several validation methods. Early studies
used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g.,
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L-Scale and F-Scale,
16PF, Juvenile Profile, MMPI MacAndrews Scale, MMPI Psychopathic
Deviate, MMPI Taylor Manifest Anxiety, MMPI Depression Scale, MMPI
Manifest Hostility Scale, MMPI Delinquency Scale and MMPI Family Discord
Scale.
Much of this research is
summarized in the document titled "ACDI: An Inventory of Scientific
Findings." Subsequently, many discriminant and predictive validity
database analysis-based studies support Version II's reliability,
validity and accuracy. ACDI-Corrections Version II norms are based
on over 80,000 juveniles (male and female). These norms are updated
annually for each Version II scale. And, separate norms are available
for gender (male and female) and ethnicity (Caucasian, Black, Hispanic).
This database research is ongoing.
Relationships between ACDI
and ACDI-Corrections Version II
scales
The ACDI-Corrections Version II is
a corrections version of the ACDI where the Violence Scale was added,
but the other scales remained the same. Pearson Product-Moment
correlation coefficients between ACDI scale scores and ACDI-Corrections
Version II scale scores are presented in the table below.
CORRELATION BETWEEEN
ACDI & ACDI II
Scales
Correlation Coefficient
Truthfulness Scale
r = .99
Alcohol Scale
r = .99
Drugs Scale
r = .99
Adjustment Scale
r = .99
Distress Scale
r = .98
Two different samples of juveniles
were used in this correlation analysis, and each youth group took only the
ACDI or the ACDI-Corrections Version II. To test the correlation between
scale scores, the data for each scale was sorted in ascending order.
This type of correlation was used because different respondents took
different tests. But, because the scales and respondents were similar,
the correlations were meaningful. There were 2,084 youths included in
this analysis (1,042 for each test). Such high correlation coefficients
demonstrate that ACDI and ACDI-Corrections Version II scales are
reliable and valid.
Research
Publication: Nebraska Probation Department's Intensive
Supervision Probation (ISP) selection process was automated with Risk
& Needs tests. The tests used include the Driver Risk Inventory-II,
SAQ-Adult Probation III, Domestic Violence Inventory and the
ACDI-Corrections Version II. This research is reported in Edward C.
Birkel and David L. Wegner's article (2000). "Accurate Intensive
Supervision Probation Selection: Revisited." American Probation and
Parole Association, Perspectives, Vol. 24, #4 Fall, pp. 18-21.
Fairness goes beyond
reliability and validity. The term applies to test accuracy for
demographic groups like age, gender and ethnicity. Version II scale
scoring equations are adjusted, as warranted, on an annual basis to
insure fairness.
Staff Member
Input: The ACDI-Corrections Version II is to be used in
conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, juvenile
court and adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain
important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the
juvenile. Experienced staff members should also interview the client. For these
reasons, the following statement is contained on each Version II report:
"ACDI - Corrections Version II results are confidential and should be
considered working hypotheses. No decision should be based solely upon
these results. The ACDI - Corrections Version II is to be used in
conjunction with experienced staff judgment." Space is also provided in
ACDI-Corrections Version II reports for staff input.
UNIQUE
FEATURES
The Truthfulness
Scale measures how truthful and open the juvenile was
while completing the ACDI-Corrections Version II. This scale identifies
denial, problem minimization and faking. Many troubled youths attempt to
minimize their problems. A Truthfulness Scale is a necessary component
in contemporary juvenile assessment. The ACDI-Corrections Version II
Truthfulness Scale has been validated with other tests, truthfulness
studies and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and
F-Scales. It consists of a number of items that most juveniles agree or
disagree with. This important scale has been demonstrated to be
reliable, valid and accurate. Much of this normative research is
reported in the document titled "ACDI: An Inventory of Scientific
Findings."
Truth-Corrected
Scores
have proven to be very important in enhancing assessment
accuracy. This proprietary truth correction program is comparable to the
MMPI K-Scale correction methodology. The ACDI-Corrections Version II
Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with the other six Version II
scales. The Truth Correction equation consequently converts raw scores to
Truth-Corrected scores. Truth Correction scores are more accurate than
raw scores. Raw scores reflect what the juvenile wants you to know.
Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the juvenile is trying to hide.
"Includes a Violence (Lethality)
Scale"
The Violence
(Lethality) Scale measures the juvenile's propensity for
using force to injure, damage or destroy. It identifies the youth's
danger to self and others. The burgeoning awareness of adolescent
violence (lethality) in our society has necessitated in the inclusion of the
Violence Scale in the ACDI-Corrections Version II. When screening
violence or lethality potential is important, we recommend that you use the
ACDI-Corrections Version II.
The Distress
Scale measures the youth's experienced pain, suffering,
anxiety and depression. The blending of symptom clusters is clear in the
definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized feeling of anxiety,
restlessness and depression. Distress incorporates unhappiness,
dissatisfaction, worry, apprehension, etc. The Distress Scale also
incorporates items symptomatic of anxiety and depression. Distress has
broad applicability in adjustment, intervention, counseling and
outcome.
The Stress Coping
Abilities Scale measures how well the juvenile handles
stress, tension and pressure. This scale goes beyond establishing
whether or not a juvenile is experiencing stress. It determines how well
the youth handles or copes with stress. How well a person handles stress
can effect their adjustment and mental health. Stress exacerbates
emotional and mental health symptomatology. Consequently, this scale is
a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental health
problems. A juvenile scoring at or above the 90th percentile on the Stress Coping Abilities
Scale should be referred for a more comprehensive evaluation and
diagnosis, as warranted. This important area of inquiry is missed by
most other juvenile screening instruments.
More than just another
alcohol or drug test: In addition to alcohol and drug use,
the ACDI-Corrections Version II assesses other important areas of
inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality), distress, adjustment
and stress coping abilities. The ACDI-Corrections Version II is designed
specifically for juvenile (male and female) assessment. It provides the
information needed for understanding juvenile attitudes and
behavior.
Three ways to give
Version II: The ACDI-Corrections Version II can be
administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-Pencil test booklet format is the
most popular testing procedure. English and Spanish test booklets are
available. 2. Version II tests can be given
directly on the computer screen. Some youth offender programs dedicate
computers for on-screen testing. 3. Human voice audio is available for English
and Spanish speaking youths. This involves a computer and a headset. The
juvenile uses the up-down arrow keys. As the juvenile goes from question
to answer with the arrow keys, that question or answer is highlighted on
the monitor (screen) and simultaneously read to the juvenile. These
three administration modes are discussed in the ACDI Orientation and
Training Manual. Each test administration mode has advantages and some
limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three test administration
modes so test users can select the administration mode that is optimally
suited to their needs.
"Demonstrated Reliability, Validity and
Accuracy"
Reading Impaired
Assessment: Reading impaired juveniles represent 20+
percent of youth tested. This represents a serious problem in many other
juvenile tests. In contrast, Risk & Needs has developed a
proprietary alternative for reading impaired assessment, which is termed
"human voice audio."
Human Voice
Audio (in English or Spanish) helps resolve many reading
problems, along with cultural difference issues. Passive vocabularies are
often greater than active vocabularies. Hearing items read often helps
reduce both cultural and communication problems. As discussed earlier,
"human voice audio" test presentation requires a computer, earphones and
simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow keys
located on the computer keyboard. Without this "human voice" option, a
juvenile screening program can be limited.
Confidentiality: Risk & Needs
encourages test users to delete juvenile names from diskettes before
they are returned to Risk & Needs. The proprietary name deletion
procedure involves a few keystrokes. Once juvenile names are deleted,
they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting juvenile names does not
delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the
ACDI-Corrections Version II database for subsequent analysis. This "name
deletion" procedure insures juvenile confidentiality and compliance with
HIPAA (Federal Regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).
Test Data Input Verification: This proprietary
program allows the person that inputs the test data from the answer
sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In
brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the
first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the
first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person
may continue. Use of this data entry verification procedure is optional,
yet it is strongly recommended by Risk & Needs.
Inventory of
Scientific Findings: Much of the ACDI-Corrections
Version II research has been gathered together in one document titled
"ACDI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes
Version II research chronologically -- as the studies were
completed.
This rather innovative
chronological reporting format was established largely owing to the
Version II database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests
administered. It also allows the reader to observe the evolution of the
ACDI-Corrections Version II into its current state-of-the-art
position.
Staff
Training: Risk & Needs staff is available to
participate in ACDI-Corrections Version II training programs scheduled
by test users in the United States. Large departments, agencies or
statewide programs are often interested in Version II staff training.
Sometimes, smaller agencies or departments get together for joint
training sessions on the ACDI-Corrections Version II. This training can
include hands-on computer scoring. Risk & Needs gives attendees
certificates attesting to their ACDI-Corrections Version II
training.
Staff training is also provided at Risk & Needs' Phoenix offices on
Fridays from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30
a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To
participate, contact Risk & Needs at least ten days in advance.
Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.
"Appropriate for Family and Juvenile Drug
Courts"
ACDI-CORRECTIONS VERSION II
HIGHLIGHTS
** ACDI-Corrections Version II
**
Designed
specifically for juveniles
Detects denial,
minimization & faking
Comprehensive:
seven scales (measures)
Violence Scale
measures lethality
Demonstrated
reliability & validity
Available in
English & Spanish
Built-in
database insures ongoing research
More than just
an alcohol or drug test
Specific score-related
recommendations
Strong
accountability of recommendations
Affordable:
volume discounts available
Thirty-day
money back guarantee
What users are saying ...
"The
Adolescent Chemical Dependency Inventory (ACDI) format is focused,
sequential, and easy to read. The overlay between the print-out
and staff assessment has been a perfect fit. The staff response is
'right-on-target.' The scope of the analysis is broad, but
concise. Our tested population falls into a normal, bell-curve
distribution. The diskette allows us to give a same week
guarantee, same day probability, and same hour feedback
appropriate for the identified problems. Finally, the option for
telephone consultation is of significant value if or when needed -
which for this office has been perhaps twice over the past 11
months (in a word or two - it's trouble free!)."
Porter County Juvenile Probation Office,
Indiana
"We
have been using the Adolescent Chemical Dependency Inventory
(ACDI) in our standardized youth intake evaluations for two years
now. The ACDI has had many positive advantages to our clients,
staff and in terms of our mission, i.e., to provide the highest
quality of service to those in need at affordable prices. The
availability of test results within the same day enables us to
focus our interviews and thereby save significant staff time. Test
results are summarized in an easily understood manner regarding
our client's problems, situation and needs. Client risk levels are
summarized at a glance and recommendations are both relevant and
helpful. This objective and reliable information does provide us
with a 'sound basis for decision making.' The ACDI shortens our
intake procedures, aids us in cutting through denial and
facilitates intervention."
National Council on Alcoholism, Inc.,
Arizona
"As
you are aware we successfully piloted the ACDI-Corrections Version
and SAQ-Adult Probation. Staff response was overwhelmingly
positive. Ninety-six percent of survey responses indicated that
SAQ-Adult Probation was a useful screening tool. Similar results
were obtained for the ACDI-Corrections Version."
Department of Solicitor General, Nova
Scotia
"The
ACDI-Corrections Version II is used to evaluate youth entering our
juvenile probation department. This test has been used in
conjunction with investigations and direct probation and found to
be quite useful in the determination of juvenile risk/needs. The
profile it provides is user friendly and demonstratively reliable
and valid."
Supreme Court of Nebraska Administrative Office of the
Courts/Probation
"I
am writing to indicate how pleased we are with the ACDI. This
screening instrument provides us with an enormous amount of
invaluable information at a fraction of the cost of any
alternatives. As you know, we provide troubled youth with a
strenuous eight day program in the Northern Flinders Ranges and a
reliable initial screening program for prospective participants is
essential . . . Over time the ACDI will allow us to develop a much
better psychological profile of the youth who experience Operation
Flinders."
Operation Flinders, National Curriculum &
Training, Australia
"Based on my experience in psychometric
research, I can assure users of the ACDI-Corrections Version II
that this questionnaire exceeds professional standards for test
reliability and validity. It is a psychometrically sound and
useful juvenile assessment instrument."
"Accurate ISP offender selection has been
achieved by combining the strengths of Nebraska Probation
Departments existing risk and needs worksheet with selected
criminal court history and an automated assessment instrument or
test. One of the four tests used in this study was the
ACDI-Corrections Version II. It was shown to accurately predict
substance abuse, identify distress and adjustment problems and
measure stress coping problems . . . These results strongly
support the reliability, validity and accuracy of the
ACDI-Corrections Version II."
Perspectives, Volume 24, #4, Fall
2000
"I
received the ACDI summary report as requested earlier this month,
and wanted to thank you for not only your prompt response but also
the information the report itself contains.
It
is very difficult for small court systems, like ours, to have the
means to compile statistical data on issues other than those which
are legislatively mandated. So many times, needed data, such as
which your summary covered, is unavailable due to the inability of
the system to have the financial resources or technical knowledge
base needed. The summary report gives me the ability to now
approach community leaders with hard data confirming demographic
trends and treatment needs that I am aware of but could not
substantiate. Now, future treatment planning that would have not
occurred because of lack of data will occur.
Again, thank you for making the summary
report available as part of the cost of the instrument itself. We,
at TASC, will continue to use the assessment instruments developed
by your company and will also continue to recommend them for use
in future Ohio Juvenile TASC programs."
TASC, Common Pleas Court, Ohio
"State-of-the-Art Juvenile
Assessment"
Test Unit Fee
(Cost):
ACDI-Corrections Version II cost information can be reviewed by clicking
on the "Prices" link. There is only the one cost or charge, and that is
the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to
the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training
manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing
reports, staff training and support services. Do not be misled by some
test publishers' à la carte pricing, like separate costs for each test
administration as well as for each of the test-related items listed
above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the
total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one-test unit fee is very
affordable.
Free
Examination Kit
A one-test demonstration diskette is
available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in Windows
format. The Examination Kit includes a one-test demo diskette,
installation CD (with instructions), test booklet, answer sheet and some
descriptive materials. Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. does want the
test booklet and diskette returned within 30 days.
Other Risk & Needs
Tests
Risk & Needs has developed
different tests for different offender populations and different
assessment purposes. Adult and juvenile tests are available. The menu on
the left side of this webpage includes all the Risk & Needs tests.
Selecting a juvenile
screening instrument or test
If you are selecting a juvenile
assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove
helpful. This checklist itemizes important assessment and screening
qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want
to compare to the ACDI-Corrections Version II.
An example ACDI-Corrections
Version II report follows this discussion of scale interpretation. It is
provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are
several levels of ACDI-Corrections Version II (Version II)
interpretation ranging from viewing Version II as a self-report to
interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. The following
table is a beginning point for interpreting Version II scores.
ACDI-CORRECTIONS VERSION II SCALE RANGES
Risk
Category
Risk Range Percentile
Total Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe
Problem
90 -
100%
11%
With reference to the above table,
a risk is not identified as a problem until a scale score is at the 70th
percentile or higher. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile
scores that are at or above the 70th percentile. Severe (serious) problems are identified by
scale scores at or above the 90th percentile. Severe problems represent
the highest 11 percent of juveniles evaluated with Version II. Version
II has been normed on over 50,000 troubled youths. And, this normative
sample continues to expand with each Version II test that is
administered.
SCALE
INTERPRETATION
1.
Truthfulness
Scale:
Measures how truthful the juvenile was while completing the test. It
identifies guarded and defensive youths who attempt to "fake good." Scores
at or below the 89th percentile mean that all ACDI-Corrections Version
II (Version II) scales are accurate. Scores in the 70th to 89th
percentile are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected.
Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile mean that all
Version II scales are inaccurate (invalid) because the juvenile was
overly guarded and manifesting denial, was reading things into Version II test
items that aren't there, was minimizing problems, or was caught faking
answers. A youth with a reading impairment might also invalidate their
test with a Truthfulness Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to
100th percentile) range. The reason for invalidation can usually be
determined with a few questions regarding the juvenile's schooling,
reading ability and motivation. If not consciously deceptive, youths
with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to
understand test items or have a need to appear in a good
light.
Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89th
percentile indicate that all other scale scores are
accurate.
When reviewing a
Version II report, one of the first things to check is the Truthfulness
Scale score. A Truthfulness Scale score at or above the 90th percentile
does not occur by chance.
2.
Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the juvenile's
propensity for using force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale
identifies youths that are a danger to themselves and others. Violence
is operationally defined as the expression of hostility and rage through
physical force. Violence is aggression in its most extreme and
unacceptable form. Elevated scorers are demanding, overly sensitive to
perceived criticism and insightless about how they express their
anger/hostility. They often have poor school records and feel
emotionally isolated.
Severe problem scorers are
typically erratic, angry, easily provoked and dangerous. A particularly
unstable and perilous situation exists when the youth manifests an
elevated Violence Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Alcohol
Scale and/or Drugs Scale score. Here, we have increased probability of
acting out behaviors combined with impaired judgment.
In combination with an elevated
Violence Scale, an elevated Distress Scale score indicates an increase in the
probability of suicidal ideation. Elevated Adjustment Scale and/or
Stress Coping Abilities Scale scores in conjunction with an elevated
Violence Scale score provide insight regarding co-determinants and
possible treatment alternatives. The more of these scales that are elevated with the
Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis. Elevated scale
interrelationships are important when interpreting scale elevations. Any
scale scores in the Severe Problem range should not be ignored, and this
is especially true of the Violence Scale. The Violence Scale score can
be interpreted independently or in combination with other Version II
scales.
3.
Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and/or
abuse. "Alcohol" refers to beer, wine and other liquors. An elevated
(70th to 89th percentile) Alcohol Scale is indicative of an emerging
drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to
100th percentile) range identifies serious alcohol-related
problems.
A history of alcohol-related
arrests could result in an Alcohol Scale score in the low or medium risk
range. To determine if the juvenile is a "recovering" alcoholic, Version
II users should check items #57 (admission to drinking problem), #131
(self-description of drinking) and #133 (the "recovery" question). For
reference, other items also could be checked (e.g., #15, 21, 33, 39, 51,
96 and 132). Admissions to these items are printed on Page 3 of the Version
II report.
In conjunction with an elevated
Alcohol Scale, an elevated Violence Scale represents a dangerous
combination, e.g., a violent predisposition with impaired judgment. When
both the Alcohol and Drugs Scales are elevated, the higher score
usually represents the juvenile's substance of choice. When both are in
the severe problem range, explore polysubstance abuse. An elevated
Distress Scale with an elevated Alcohol Scale could reflect emerging
suicidal ideation or a frustration - aggressive explosive acting out. A
higher Alcohol Scale score may identify alcohol as a focal issue, whereas, a higher
Distress Scale might be indicative of a troubled youth's attempt to
"self-medicate." An elevated Adjustment Scale in combination with an
elevated Alcohol Scale helps identify co-determinants. The amplitude of
an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score and an elevated Alcohol
Scale score is important. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Stress
Coping Abilities Scale score reflects impaired stress handling
abilities, and drinking may be of an "escape-avoidance" nature; whereas,
a score in the severe problem range suggests the presence of an
identifiable (diagnosable) mental health disorder. In the latter case,
drinking may be part of the psychopathology. In summary, the Alcohol
Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other
ACDI-Corrections Version II scales.
4. Drugs
Scale: Measures illicit drug use and abuse. The Drugs
Scale measures the severity of drug abuse. "Drugs" refers to marijuana,
crack, cocaine, ice, LSD, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, etc. This
scale is independent of the Alcohol Scale described above. An elevated
(70th to 89th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging
drug problem. Elevated Drugs Scale scores do not happen by chance. A
Drugs Scale score in the severe problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
identifies severe drug-related problems.
A history of drug arrests could
result in a Drugs Scale score in the low or moderate risk range. To
determine if the juvenile is a "recovering" drug abuser, Version II
users should check items #29 (drug use admission), #78 (drug abuse
problem) and #133 (the
"recovery" question). For reference, other items could also be
checked (e.g., #23, 85, 53, 91). Admissions to these items are printed
on page 3 of the Version II report.
In intervention and treatment
settings, the youth's Drugs Scale score helps work through denial. And, an elevated Drugs Scale
score in conjunction with other elevated Version II scores magnifies the
severity of the other elevated scores. For example, an elevated
Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score
identifies a very dangerous person.
When both the Drugs and Alcohol
Scale scores are elevated, the higher score represents the youth's substance
of choice. When both of these scores are in the severe problem range,
polysubstance abuse is indicated.
An elevated Distress Scale score in
combination with an elevated Drugs Scale score reflects a troubled youth on
the verge of being overwhelmed. The height of the Distress Scale score is
important, as scores in the severe problem range can be indicative of
suicidal/homicidal ideation. As noted earlier with alcohol, an elevated
Adjustment Scale score in combination with an elevated Drug Scale score helps
identify co-determinants. And, the height of an elevated Stress Coping
Abilities Scale score and an elevated Drugs Scale score are important. An
elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score reflects impaired stress
coping abilities, and drug use may be experimental. However, a score in
the severe problem range points to an identifiable (diagnosable) mental
health disorder, in which case (severe problem), drug use/abuse is likely
a part of the symptomatology. In summary, the Drugs Scale can be
interpreted independently or in combination with other ACDI-Corrections
Version II scales. In most cases, a drug problem (elevated scale score)
magnifies the risk associated with other elevated Version II scale
scores.
5.
Distress Scale: Measures the youth's pain,
suffering, anxiety and depression. Distress incorporates unhappiness,
dissatisfaction, worry and pain. Distress is the most common reason for
juveniles to voluntarily seek counseling. Distress has broad
applications in adjustment, intervention, counseling and outcome. And,
it often serves as the beginning point in clinical inquiry. The magnitude (or severity) of
the Distress Scale is important. Elevated scores indicate some-thing is wrong. The
youth is concerned, bothered and upset. Distress Scale scores in the
severe problem (90th to 100th percentile) range indicate the youth is
hurting, on the verge of being overwhelmed and is becoming
desperate.
A severe problem Distress Scale score in
conjunction with any other Version II scale score in the severe problem range
is a malignant sign, and needs to be dealt with carefully. This is the
profile of a suicide/homicide prone individual. The Distress Scale, can
be interpreted independently or in combination with other
ACDI-Corrections Version II scales scores.
6.
Adjustment Scale: Measures the youth's ability
to adapt, conform and function. This scale recognizes personal and
social stressors at home, school and in their peer group relationships.
Juvenile adjustment requires modification of the youth's attitudes and
behavior. Stressors vary widely from the home and school environment
(along with anxiety, frustration and competition) to a myriad of emotion
provoking events. When the Adjustment Scale is elevated,
carefully review other
Version II
scales.
Other Version II
scales include Violence, Substance Abuse, Distress and Stress Coping
Abilities.
An elevated Adjustment Scale score
suggests one level of intervention (e.g., lifestyle adjustment),
whereas, a score in the severe problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
suggests other, more fundamental intervention options. An elevated
Distress Scale score with an elevated Adjustment Scale score is
suggestive of poor emotional morale in problem prone environment
milieu, (e.g., school, home and/or peer group). An elevated Adjustment
Scale score in combination with an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score
reflects a troubled youth who doesn't cope well with his environment. In
this case, the youth might benefit most from stress management training,
emotional support of endeavor and lifestyle adjustment. The Adjustment
Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other
ACDI-Corrections Version II scale scores.
7. Stress Coping Abilities
Scale:
Measures the youth's ability to cope with stress, anxiety and pressure.
It is now accepted that stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and
emotional problems. Thus, an elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale
score in conjunction with other elevated Version II scales helps explain
the youth's situation. When a juvenile doesn't handle stress well, other
existing problems are often exacerbated.
Such problem augmentation applies to substance
abuse, behavioral acting-out and attitudinal problems. And, an elevated
Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional and
mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is in
the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range, it is very likely
that the juvenile has a diagnosable mental health problem. In these instances, referral
to a certified/licensed mental health professional is warranted for a
diagnosis, prognosis and treatment plan. The Stress Coping Abilities
Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other
ACDI-Corrections Version II scales.
* * * * *
In conclusion, it was noted that
there are several "levels" of ACDI-Corrections Version II interpretation
ranging from viewing Version II as a self-report to interpreting scale
elevations and interrelationships. Scale scores can be interpreted
individually. Staff can then put Version II findings within the context
of the juvenile's life situation.
Example
Report
An example ACDI-Corrections
Version II report has been included for reference. Although "Example
Report" is a hypothetical person, this four-page report shows how
information is summarized and presented. These reports are easy to read
and provide specific scale-related recommendations. On the first page,
the ACDI-Corrections Version II PROFILE summarizes the youth's responses
at a glance. Scale paragraphs, on pages 2 and 3, give the juvenile's
scale score, explain what that score means and present score-related
recommendations. Near the bottom of page 3 is space for the assessor's
observations and comments. Sometimes, a staff member obtains important
information from another source (e.g., victim, court history, other
records, etc.) that influences their recommendation. That's OK. That's
why space is provided for staff member comments.
The ACDI-Corrections Version II
example report is linked for your download and/or review. You may need
to install the Adobe Acrobat Reader to view this reports. Each Version II report is organized around the same
outline or format, yet these reports are highly individualized.
Each report is 4 pages in length. And, all Version II reports are scored
and printed within 2½ minutes from data entry.
Additional information can be provided upon request by writing:
Risk
& Needs Assessment, Inc. P.O. Box 44828 Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828
Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506
Our fax number is (602) 266-8227
and
our e-mail address is
sheryl@riskandneeds.com
.
