Objective & accurate Juvenile Sex Offender Screening
The Sexual Adjustment
Inventory-Juvenile, or SAI-Juvenile, identifies sexual
deviance and paraphilias in juveniles accused or convicted of sex offenses.
The SAI-Juvenile has 230 items, takes 45 minutes to an hour to complete, and
reports are scored and printed on-site within 3 minutes.
APPLICATION
** SAI-Juvenile **
Juvenile sexual offender assessment
Court-related sexual offender evaluation
Psychologist and mental health professionals
evaluations
Identification of sexually deviate and paraphiliac
behavior
Sex offender treatment programs
Juvenile screening in probation and
corrections
Specialized sex offender caseload evaluations
Individual and group counseling screening
Description
The SAI-Juvenile identifies sexually
deviate and paraphiliac behavior in juveniles (males and females) accused or
convicted of sexual offenses. The SAI-Juvenile has 13 scales (measures): 1. Test Item
Truthfulness, 2. Sex Item
Truthfulness,3. Sexual Adjustment, 4. Child Molest, 5. Sexual (Rape) Assault,
6. Exhibitionism, 7. Incest Classification,
8. Violence (Lethality), 9. Antisocial, 10. Distress,
11. Impulsiveness, 12.
Alcohol and 13. Drugs. Most sex offenders try to
minimize their problems, which magnifies the importance of the two
truthfulness scales. The SAI-Juvenile has proven to be a reliable, accurate
and objective sex offender assessment instrument or test.
Thirteen SAI-Juvenile Scales (Measures)
1. Test Item
Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful
the client was while completing the test's non-sex-related items. Juveniles
can distinguish between sex-related and non-sex-related items. And, some
juveniles only minimize or lie to non-sex-related items. Non-sex-related
scales include: the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale,
Antisocial Scale, Distress Scale and the Impulsiveness Scale.
A Test Item Truthfulness Scale
score in the Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) range means that
non-sex-related scale scores are accurate because they have been
Truth-Corrected.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale
scores at or below the 89th percentile
mean all non-sex-related scales are accurate
. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores in
the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range mean that all non-sex-related scale scores are inaccurate
and invalid.
The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been
correlated with all the non-sex-related scales. Then, each scale's proprietary
conversion equation transforms raw scores to Truth-Corrected percentile
scores.
Raw scores
reflect what the juvenile wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal
what the juvenile is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more
accurate than raw scores.
Comparison of the Test Item Truthfulness
Scale score with the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score provides insight into
the juvenile's test taking motivation. The higher of these two scale scores
usually represents the juvenile's greatest area of concern. That is why these
two truthfulness scales (sex item and non-sex item) are presented together on
the first page of the SAI-Juvenile report.
2. Sex Item
Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful
the juvenile was while answering sex-related questions. The SAI-Juvenile has a
very open or candid approach to sex-related items and makes no attempt to
trick or deceive the respondent. Consequently, sex-related items are easily
recognized. A juvenile that wants to minimize sex-related problems or concerns
might answer non-sex-related items honestly, but minimize, deny or lie when
answering sex-related items. In that case (attempting to fake good), the Sex
Item Truthfulness Scale would detect the juvenile's problem minimization to
sex-related items.
The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale
has been correlated with all other sex-related scales. Then, each
sex-related scale's proprietary conversion equation transforms raw scale
scores into Truth-Corrected percentile scores.
Truth-Corrected scale scores are more
accurate than raw scores
. Sex-related scales include: Sexual
Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale,
Exhibitionism Scale and the Incest Classification.
Elevated (at or above the 70th
percentile) scores indicate the respondent is minimizing problems and
attempting to fake good. However, Truth-Corrected scale scores in the
Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) range indicate that all sex-related
scale scores are accurate. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above
the 90th percentile indicate that all sex-related scale scores
are not accurate or are invalid. In contrast,
a Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score at or below the 89th
percentile means that all sex-related scale scores are accurate.
This is discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and
Training Manual."
3. Sexual
Adjustment Scale: Measures the juvenile's
self-reported sexual adjustment. A high score reveals sexual dissatisfaction
in a juvenile with an impaired (as compared to other juveniles) and
unsatisfying sexual lifestyle or adjustment.
The Sexual Adjustment Scale includes
sex-related items that most juveniles in our society would agree or disagree
with. Norming the Sexual Adjustment Scale on both normals and sexual deviates
allows comparison scoring. The greater the difference, the greater the
impairment. For example, a juvenile could have an elevated Sexual Adjustment
Scale score along with other sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated scale
score(s) could add guilt, concern or distress to the respondent's perceived
sexual adjustment.
The Sexual Adjustment Scale score
provides a background from which other sex-related issues can be better
understood. For example, is the juvenile manifesting a high Child Molest Scale
score satisfied or not satisfied with their sexual adjustment? Similar
insights could apply to other sex-related (sexual assault and exhibitionism) scale scores.
4. Child
Molest (Pedophile) Scale: Measures a
juvenile's sexual interests, urges and fantasies involving prepubescent
children. Pedophilia is a pathological sexual interest in children. Isolated
sexual acts with a child do not necessarily warrant the classification of
pedophilia. And, the child molester is often unable to comprehend the reason
for his/her actions.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) range scorers have greater than average interest in young boys
and/or girls. Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) risk scorers have an abnormal
interest in children (young boys and/or girls). They have a high probability
of being pedophiles.
Consequences associated with
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) Child Molest Scale scores vary
according to the evaluation's purpose. For example, pedophile classification,
referrals to a licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and
treatment plan, probation/incarceration decision making and treatment options
are representative of such outcomes.
5. Sexual
(Rape) Assault Scale: Measures sexual assault proneness. Rape
refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the will and over the
objections of the partner. It is often accompanied by force or the threat of
force.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) range scorers have more than an average interest in aggressive
sex and often fantasize about forceful sex against the will of their
partner. They are capable of sexual assault. Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) risk scorers have a high probability of sexual assault.
The role of non-sex-related SAI-Juvenile
scales becomes apparent in court-related sexual assault evaluations. For
example, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality)
potential and a juvenile's impulsiveness are very common areas of inquiry. The 13
SAI-Juvenile scales were selected because they provide important information
on their own merits and in terms of their relationship with each other.
6.
Exhibitionism Scale: Measures a person's need to
expose their sex organs to unsuspecting individuals. Exhibitionists are often
identified by their repetitive, compulsive and patterned nature of the
acts.
An elevated (70th to 89th
percentile or higher) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with
exhibitionistic tendencies. Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) scorers have a high probability of
being exhibitionists.
7. Incest
Classification: Measures incestuous behavior, i.e.,
having sexual relations with a family member. Incest refers to coitus between
persons related by blood or marriage, e.g., parents, siblings or children.
Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest.
8. Violence
(Lethality) Scale: Measures the
adolescent's use of physical force to injure, damage or destroy. The Violence
Scale identifies youths who are dangerous to themselves and others.
An ever-present concern when
evaluating sex offenders is their violence and lethality potential. An
elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Violence Scale score is indicative of
emerging violent behavior in a potentially dangerous person. A Violence
Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies very dangerous juveniles. Excluding the two
truthfulness scales, Violence Scale findings are of interest when reviewing
both sex-related scales and non-sex-related scales' scale scores. This wide
applicability emphasizes the important role of the Violence Scale.
9. Antisocial
Scale: Measures the attitudes and behavior of selfish,
ungrateful, callous and egocentric juveniles who seem to be devoid of
responsibility and fail to learn from experience. From a social perspective,
their conduct often appears hostile with little guilt or remorse. Extreme
cases are called sociopaths.
An elevated (70th to 89th
percentile) Antisocial Scale score identifies people in an early
antisocial stage of development. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe
Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies adolescents with severe antisocial attitudes.
Court-related evaluators are increasingly interested in exploring a
defendant's antisocial tendencies. This reflects the growing awareness of the
role of antisocial attitudes and antisocial thinking in violent
perpetrators.
10. Distress
Scale: Measures two symptom clusters (anxiety and
depression) that, taken together, represent distress. The blending of these
symptom clusters is clear in the definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized
feeling of anxiety, resentment and depression.
Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state
characterized by apprehension, stress, nervousness and tension. Depression
refers to a dejected emotional state that includes melancholy, dysphoric mood
and despair. Added together, you have a very uncomfortable person who may be
overwhelmed and, in extreme cases, on the verge of giving up.
An elevated (70th to 89th
percentile) Distress Scale score identifies hurting individuals that need
help. A Distress Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies juveniles on the verge of being emotionally
overwhelmed. These youths are often desperate and need help. Consideration
might be given to referring these juveniles (90th to 100th
percentile scorers) to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a
diagnosis, prognosis and written treatment plan.
11. Impulsiveness
Scale: Impulsiveness is often described as activities abruptly engaged
in without forethought, reflection or consideration of consequences.
Impulsive people are characterized by a tendency to act hastily and without reflection.
Impulsivity has been linked to sex offenses, violence and substance abuse
(alcohol and other drugs). As noted earlier, impulsiveness characterizes offenders that do
things on the spur of the moment, with little forethought or consideration of consequences.
Elevated Impulsiveness Scale scores (or impulsiveness per se) can interact with all SAI scales
(both sex-related and non-sex-related scales). Consequently, elevated Impulsiveness Scale scores
can be problematic by themselves or even more so in combination with other elevated SAI scales.
An elevated (70th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score characterizes
people that are impulsive and often act without deliberation. Although quick to act or respond these
people are not out of control. Severe Problem Risk (90 to 100th percentile) scorers are very impulsive
people who typically act without forethought or consideration of consequences in most, if not all of
their life. Impulsivity could be a factor in their offending if such were to occur. Impulsiveness could
be an important contributing factor in sexual offending per se.
12. Alcohol
Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol
refers to beer, wine and other liquor. It is a licit or legal substance.
An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of
an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem
(90th to 100th percentile) range identifies serious drinking
problems.
A history of alcohol problems could
result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk
score on the Alcohol Scale. Consequently, precautions have been built into the
SAI-Juvenile to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics."
The juvenile's
answer to the "recovering alcoholic" question (item 177) is printed on
page 5 of the SAI-Juvenile report for easy reference.
In addition,
elevated Alcohol Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the juvenile is
a recovering alcoholic.
In interview and treatment settings, the
Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through juvenile denial. Most juveniles
accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and
relevant. This is particularly true when it is explained that elevated scores
don't occur by chance. Juveniles must answer a definite pattern of
alcohol-related admissions for an elevated score to occur.
13.
Drugs
Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to
marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin.
These are illicit substances. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Drugs
Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score
in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range identifies serious
illicit drug users.
Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a
history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug
history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining a Low to
Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the SAI-Juvenile to
correctly identify "recovering drug abusers." Click on the
SAI-Juvenile Example Report link to
review an example SAI-Juvenile report.
The juvenile's answer to the "recovering drug abuser"
question (item 177) is printed on page 5 of the SAI-Juvenile report for easy
reference. In addition,
elevated Drugs Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the juvenile is a
recovering drug abuser.
In intervention and treatment settings,
the juvenile's Drugs Scale score helps staff work through juvenile denial.
This is particularly effective when it is explained to the youth that the
SAI-Juvenile is a standardized assessment test that has been administered to
thousands of adolescents.
When both the Drugs and Alcohol Scales
are elevated, the higher score usually represents the juvenile's substance of
choice. When both the Alcohol and Drugs Scales are in the Severe Problem
(90th to 100th
percentile) range, this means polysubstance abuse is likely.
Summary
In summary, the SAI-Juvenile assesses
attitudes and behaviors that yield a sex offender profile. Paper-pencil test
administration takes on average forty-five minutes. SAI-Juvenile tests are
computer-scored on-site with reports printed within 2½ minutes of data
entry.
The SAI-Juvenile is an automated
(computer-scored) sex offender instrument or test. It is much more than just
another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen SAI-Juvenile scales collect a lot
of information that is important in sex offender evaluation. It measures
important attitudes and behaviors missed by other tests.
Each SAI-Juvenile scale score is
classified in terms of the severity of risk it represents. These risk ranges
are:
SAI-JUVENILE RISK
RANGES
Risk
Category
Risk Range
Percentile
Total
Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe
Problem
90
-100%
11%
An elevated score is a scale score at or above the
70th percentile. A Problem Risk score is a scale score between the
70th and 89th
percentiles. A Severe
Problem score is at or above the 90th
percentile.
SAI-Juvenile
Report
In brief, SAI-Juvenile reports summarize
the juvenile's self-reported history, explain what attained scores mean and
offer specific scale score-related recommendations.
Within 2½ minutes of test data entry,
automated (computer-scored) 5-page reports are printed on-site. These reports
summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format. For example,
these reports include an SAI-Juvenile profile (graph) for sex-related scales
(page 2 of the report) and non-sex-related scales (page 3 of the report),
which summarizes client findings at a glance. Also included are attained scale
scores, an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related
recommendations.
Significant items (direct admissions)
are highlighted, and answers to the built-in multiple choice (last
sequence of items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful
reports that are easily understood.
Software
The SAI-Juvenile is available in Windows
diskettes. Windows diskettes require a one-time computer setup procedure after
which SAI-Juvenile data diskettes (25 or 50 test applications) are used.
Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these
procedures by Risk & Needs' staff.
Proprietary SAI-Juvenile diskettes
contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" diskettes score, interpret and
print SAI-Juvenile reports on-site. Once an SAI-Juvenile account is
established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications
are used, diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs where the test data and
demographics are downloaded into the SAI-Juvenile database for subsequent
research analysis.
The proprietary "delete names" program
is activated with a few keystrokes to delete all juvenile names from the
diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs. Deleting all
juvenile names insures confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal
regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).
The "SAI: Orientation and Training
Manual" explains how the SAI-Juvenile works and should be read by staff. The
"SAI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print or store
reports and discusses other unique SAI-Juvenile computer-related
functions.
SAI-Juvenile Database
The SAI-Juvenile system contains a
proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all SAI-Juvenile used
diskettes are returned to Risk & Needs, and the test data is downloaded
into the SAI-Juvenile database. This database allows ongoing research and
testing programs summary -- capabilities that were not possible before.
Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide for
program self-evaluation.
The built-in database permits ongoing research and
annual program summary -- at no additional cost to test users. As discussed
earlier, when the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used up, that diskette is
returned to Risk & Needs and downloaded into the expanding
SAI-Juvenile database. This proprietary database includes sex offenders' test
data. Advantages of a built-in database are many and include database
(research) analysis and annual summary reports.
The information (data) on returned
diskettes can be summarized on a state, institution, court, department or
agency basis - at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide
information for summarizing testing programs. And, these summaries facilitate
program self-evaluation. An example summary report can be reviewed by clicking
on the Annual Summary Report link.
No personal information, names, social security
numbers, etc. are ever downloaded into any test database.
In summary, having all used SAI-Juvenile
tests' data centrally filed at Risk & Needs offices has many advantages.
Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale
alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tab
statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. And,
we continue to study the impact of demographics as they relate to sex offender
behaviors.
After downloading test data returned diskettes are
destroyed.
Annual Summary
Report
Risk & Needs can access each
of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of
all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared
for state, department, agency and even some individual providers - - at no
cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to
large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics,
court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and
accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program?
Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for
annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Risk &
Needs annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests
annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by
clicking on this Annual Summary
Report link.
Reliability and
Validity
The SAI-Juvenile has a built-in database
that insures inclusion of all tests administered in a confidential (no names)
manner. These reliability, validity and accuracy studies are reported in the
document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database
analysis has shown that SAI-Juvenile scales maintain very high reliability
coefficients and minimum interscale correlations.
For example, the internal consistencies
(coefficient alphas) for SAI-Juvenile scales are reported here for 766
juvenile sex offenders in the year 2002.
SAI-JUVENILE RELIABILITY
(N=766, 2002)
SAI-Juvenile Scales
Coefficient Alpha
Significance Level
Test-Item Truthfulness Scale
.86
p<.001
Sex-Item Truthfulness Scale
.85
p<.001
Sexual Adjustment Scale
.83
p<.001
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale
.82
p<.001
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale
.86
p<.001
Incest Classification
.82
p<.001
Exhibitionism Scale
.89
p<.001
Alcohol Scale
.92
p<.001
Drugs Scale
.92
p<.001
Violence (Lethality) Scale
.86
p<.001
Antisocial Scale
.82
p<.001
Distress Scale
.83
p<.001
Impulsiveness Scale
.83
p<.001
All SAI-Juvenile scales have alpha
coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are
highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001
level.
The SAI and SAI-Juvenile were validated
with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16
PF, ACDI-Corrections Version II, Juvenile Substance Abuse Profile, etc. Much
of this research is summarized in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of
Scientific Findings." Subsequently, ongoing database research supports
SAI-Juvenile reliability, validity and accuracy.
Advantages of
Screening
Screening or assessment instruments
filter out juveniles with serious problems that may require further evaluation
and, where warranted, counseling or treatment. This filtering system works as
follows:
SAI-JUVENILE RISK RANGES
Risk Category
Risk Range Percentile
Total Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe
Problem
90 -100%
11%
Reference to the above table shows that
a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70th percentile or higher. These risk range
percentiles are based upon SAI-Juvenile database analysis. This procedure is
eminently fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and
under-identification of problems.
An agency, court or departmental policy
might refer juveniles with Severe Problems (90th to 100th
percentile) for further evaluation, intervention or treatment. Severe Problem
referrals represent 11% of the troubled youths tested. In this case, 11% of
the juveniles screened (Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might
refer juveniles with identified problems (70th
percentile or higher) for further evaluation and/or treatment services. In
this case, 31% of the juvenile sex offenders screened (Problem Risk and Severe
Problem) would be referred. In these
examples, 89% or 69% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the juveniles
screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.
Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no
compromises in juveniles receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment
services. Indeed, more
sex offenders would receive help. Without an objective screening program,
there is more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional
services.
Sometimes, it helps when comparing two
juvenile sex offender assessment instruments or tests to have a comparison
checklist. This is particularly true when comparing tests. The SAI-Juvenile is
unique in that it incorporates both sex-related and equally important
non-sex-related areas of inquiry. And, it is an understatement to emphasize
that juvenile sex offender tests must be reliable, valid and accurate.
Selecting a Juvenile Sex Offender
Test
If you are selecting a juvenile sex
offender assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should
prove helpful. It lists important screening test qualities. The "Other" column
represents any other test you might want to compare to the SAI-Juvenile.
TEST COMPARISON CHECKLIST
COMPARISON CATEGORIES
SAI-JUVENLE
Other
Designed Specifically for Juvenile Sex Offenders
Yes
Test Reliability & Validity Research
Provided
Yes
Test Completed in 30 Minutes
Yes
On-Site Reports within 2½ Minutes
Yes
Truthfulness Scale to Detect Faking
Yes
Truth-Corrected Scores for Accuracy
Yes
Three Test Administration Options
Yes
1. Paper-Pencil (English and
Spanish)
Yes
2. On Computer Screen (English and
Spanish)
Yes
3. Human Voice Audio (English and
Spanish)
Yes
Delete Names (confidentiality) Procedure
Yes
HIPAA (federal
regulation) Compliant
Yes
Test Data Input Verification (accurate scoring)
Yes
Built-in Database
Yes
Annual Database Research (free)
Yes
Annual Test Program Summary (free)
Yes
Specific Scale Score-Related Recommendations
Yes
Alcohol and Drugs Scales
Yes
Control Scale
Yes
Violence (Lethality) Scale
Yes
Stress Coping Abilities Scale
Yes
Comprehensive Assessment (Six Scales)
Yes
Easily Understood and Helpful Reports
Yes
ASAM Compatible Recommendations
Yes
Staff Training (Free)
Yes
Examination Kits (Free)
Yes
Very Affordable Test Unit Fee
Yes
Staff Member Input: The SAI-Juvenile is to
be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available,
adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain important
information not provided or incorrectly provided by the client. Experienced
staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the following
statement is contained in each SAI-Juvenile report: "Sexual Adjustment
Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) results are confidential and should be
considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely
upon these results. The SAI-Juvenile is to be used in conjunction with
experienced staff judgment and review of available records."
Unique
SAI-Juvenile Features
Adult Version of the
SAI-Juvenile: The Sexual Adjustment Inventory
identifies adult sexual deviance and paraphilias in persons accused or
convicted of sex offenses. Click on the following link to go to the Sexual Adjustment Inventory
(SAI) webpage.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how
truthful the sex offender was while answering non-sex-related items. The
non-sex-related scales include: the Alcohol, Drugs, Violence (Lethality),
Antisocial, Distress and the Impulsiveness Scales.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the sex offender was while
answering sex-related items. The sex-related scales include: the Sexual
Adjustment, Child (Pedophile) Molest, Sexual (Rape) Assault, Exhibitionism and
the Incest Classification.
Truth-Corrected Scores: Have proven to be very
important for assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction process
is comparable to the MMPI's K-Scale correction. The SAI-Juvenile's
Truthfulness Scales have been correlated with the other scales. The Truth
Correction equation converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores.
Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. Raw scores reflect
what the juvenile wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the
juvenile is attempting to hide.
More than just another alcohol or drug test. The
SAI-Juvenile is much more than just another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen
SAI-Juvenile scales collect a vast amount of information that is important in
sex offender evaluation. It measures important attitudes and behaviors missed
by other tests.
Three ways to give the SAI-Juvenile. The
SAI-Juvenile can be administered in three different ways: 1.
Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure.
SAI-Juvenile English and Spanish test booklets and answer sheets are
available. 2.
Tests can be given directly on the computer screen in English and
Spanish. Some agencies dedicate computers for SAI-Juvenile testing. And, 3. Human Voice Audio in English or
Spanish is available. This involves a headset. The juvenile uses the up-down
arrow keys. As the juvenile goes from question to answer with the arrow keys,
that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor and concurrently read to
the juvenile. These three test administration modes are discussed in the "SAI:
Orientation and Training Manual." Each test administration mode has advantages
and some limitations. Risk & Needs offers these three test modes so test
users can select the administration mode that is optimally suited to their
needs.
Reading Impaired Assessment: Reading
impaired juveniles represent 20+ percent of the juveniles tested. This
represents a serious problem to other sex offender tests. Risk & Needs has
developed an alternative for dealing with this problem: Human Voice Audio.
Human Voice Audio: Presentation of the
SAI-Juvenile is in English and Spanish. Juveniles' passive vocabularies are
often greater than their active vocabularies. Hearing items read out loud
often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. This administration
mode requires earphones and simple instructions to orient the juvenile to the
up-down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. Human Voice Audio is an
alternative approach for screening reading impaired juveniles.
Confidentiality: Risk & Needs encourages test users to delete
juvenile names from diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs
Assessment, Inc. Once juvenile names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be
retrieved. Deleting juvenile names does not delete demographics or test data,
which is downloaded into the SAI-Juvenile database for subsequent analysis.
This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures
juvenile confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45
C.F.R. 164.501).
Test Data Input Verification: Allows the person
that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the
accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any
inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted
until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same,
the staff person can continue. This proprietary Data Input Verification
procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by Risk & Needs.
Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the
SAI-Juvenile research has been gathered together in the document titled "SAI:
An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes SAI-Juvenile
research chronologically - as the studies were completed. This chronological
reporting format was established largely because of the SAI-Juvenile database,
which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered.
Test Unit Fee (Cost): SAI-Juvenile cost
information can be reviewed by clicking on the Prices link. There is
only the one cost or charge and that is the test unit fee. This
fee includes test booklets, answer sheets, test administrations, training
manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary test program
reports, staff training and support services. Do not be misled by some
test publishers à la carte pricing, like separate cost for each test
administration as well as for each of the test related items listed
above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the
total cost involved in using a test. We believe Risk & Needs' one
test unit fee is very affordable.
Free Examination Kit: A 1-test demonstration
diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in
Windows format. The Examination Kit includes a 1-test demo diskette,
installation CD (with instructions), test booklet, answer sheet and some
descriptive materials. Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. does want the test
booklet and diskette returned within 30 days.
Epilogue:
The SAI-Juvenile is the product of over 25 years of licensed
psychologist experience evaluating juvenile defendants, many of whom were sex
offenders. Frustrated with plethysmograph and interview issues, the intent was
to develop a practical, psychometrically sound and helpful test. Practical in
terms of time. Psychometrically sound in terms of reliability, validity and
accuracy. And, helpful in terms of the information obtained. It's gratifying
to know that many other evaluators and assessors agree that we have attained
these goals.
SAI-JUVENILE
SCALE INTERPRETATION
An example five-page Sexual Adjustment
Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) report follows this discussion of the
SAI-Juvenile interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment
this dialogue. There are several levels of SAI-Juvenile interpretation ranging
from viewing the SAI-Juvenile as a self-report to interpreting scale
elevations and scale interrelationships.
An SAI-Juvenile interpretation includes
all 13 SAI-Juvenile scales and how they interact. Such an endeavor, although
worthwhile, exceeds this document's purpose. The following discussion is
limited to sex-related scales. This includes the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale
and the five sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales and their inter-actions.
Discussion of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale and the six non-sex item scales
comes later in the scale interpretation discussion.
Space does not allow for a complete
discussion of the interaction between sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales and
non-sex-item scales. These interrelationships are often a part of the sexual
incident or encounter that has brought the defendant to the court's
attention.
SIX SEX-RELATED
SCALES
Sex Related Scales
Summary
Sex Item
Truthfulness Scale
Sexual Adjustment
Scale
Child (Pedophile)
Molest Scale
Sexual Rape Assault
Scale
Exhibition
Scale
Incest Classification
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the juvenile was while completing the scales containing
sex items. SAI-Juvenile items are direct with no attempt to deceive or trick
juveniles; consequently, items with a sexual connotation are easily
recognized. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale is designed to detect the bright
sex offender who answers non-sex-related items honestly, but minimizes, denies
or attempts to fake sex-related item answers.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or
above the 70th percentile do not occur by
chance. These elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant
answers for them to occur. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89th percentile mean that all sex-related scale
scores are accurate.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile mean that all sexual
deviate/paraphiliac scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such
invalidity include juvenile problem minimization, reading things into test
items that aren't there or the juvenile was attempting to fake good.
Clients with reading impairments may
also score in the Severe Problem (90th to
100th percentile) range. A few questions about
the juvenile's education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of
a reading impairment.
Some paraphilias are rather common to
sex offenders, and these include sexual adjustment (unsatisfying sex life),
child (pedophile) molestation, sexual (rape) assault, exhibitionism (exposure
of genitals) and incest (sex with close family member). People with
paraphilias often manifest several varieties at the same time.
Sexual Adjustment Scale:
Measures a juvenile's self-reported sexual satisfaction. This scale reflects
the juvenile's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their sex life. Elevated
scores (70th percentile or higher) indicate
dissatisfaction; whereas, Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) scorers reveal an
impaired or very unsatisfying sexual adjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale
scores at or above the 70th percentile do not
occur by chance. Elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant
answers to the scale's items for a score at or above the 70th percentile to occur.
A person's sexual adjustment is compared
with society's standards, rules, norms and statutes. Some people's sexual
attitudes and behaviors are unacceptable in our society because they are
harmful to others. In these cases, the people involved are classified as
sexually maladjusted. We do not have to judge the causes, motives or purposes
of such behaviors to classify them as maladjusted. Most people in our society
agree (or disagree) with each Sexual Adjustment Scale item.
The assessor (evaluator or staff) should
review all other SAI-Juvenile scale scores to identify co-determinants and
stressors. For example, a juvenile could have an elevated Sexual Adjustment
Scale score along with other sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated scale
score(s) could add guilt, concern or distress to the juvenile's perceived
sexual adjustment. Other elevated SAI-Juvenile scale scores could exacerbate
existing problems or concerns and thereby contribute to a juvenile's perceived
sexual maladjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale scores can be interpreted
independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
Child
(Pedophile) Molest Scale: Measures pedophilia or the juvenile's
interests and sexual urges involving prepubescent children. Note that isolated
sexual acts with children do not necessarily warrant the pedophile label.
Pedophilia refers to a pathological
sexual interest in children. Regardless of the etiology, pedophiles' sexual
expression is released toward children. Attraction to girls is reported twice
as much as sexual attraction to boys.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Child Molest Scale scorers are attracted to young boys and girls.
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) scorers have established sexual
interests in young boys and/or girls. They have a high probability of engaging
in pedophilia. They are capable of acting on their urges. However, child
molestation should be independently corroborated whenever possible.
An elevated (70th or higher percentile) Child (Pedophile) Molest
Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses
is required to have an elevated Child Molest Scale score.
Other elevated sexual
deviate/paraphiliac scales in conjunction with an elevated Child Molest Scale
score identify other important areas for further inquiry. Similarly, elevated
non-sex item scales could identify psychosocial stressors. For example, a
Severe Problem Alcohol or Drugs Scale score in combination with an elevated
Child Molest Scale score could influence the direction of subsequent inquiry.
The Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score can be interpreted independently or
in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
Sexual (Rape) Assault
Scale:Measures sexual violence
proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the
will and over the objections of the juvenile's partner. Sexual assault is
often accompanied by force or the threat of force. Many believe rape is not so
much a sexual act as an act of hostility and aggression. Rape is a crime of
violence. However, Sexual Assault and Violence Scale scores can vary because
of the sexual versus non-sexual nature of these scales' items. Both females
and males can be raped. Rapists usually inflict some degree of bodily injury
in forcing themselves upon their victims.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score is observed in sexually aggressive
people with sexually violent tendencies. A Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score identifies people that either fantasize
or engage in violent sex. These individuals are capable of sexual assault.
An elevated (70th to 89th
percentile) or Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score does not
occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses is required to have
an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score. Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) Sexual Assault Scale scorers have a high probability of sexual
assault.
Other elevated SAI-Juvenile scale scores
in conjunction with a Severe Problem Sexual Assault Scale score can provide
insight into the sex offender's situation while identifying important areas
for subsequent inquiry. For example, a Severe Problem Violence Scale score in
conjunction with an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score would influence
subsequent inquiry and treatment. This person is violent in life as well as in
sexual relationships. All that is needed is a triggering mechanism like
opportunity, alcohol or drugs. The Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale can be
interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale
scores.
Exhibitionism Scale: Measures the probability of the
juvenile exposing their genitals to a stranger. In these instances, there is
generally no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger.
Exhibitionism is defined in the DSM-IV (p. 256) as "recurrent intense sexually
arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's
genitals to an unsuspecting stranger." Exhibitionism is one of the most common
or prevalent sexual deviations.
A characteristic common to all forms of
sexual deviation is their repetitive, compulsive and patterned nature. This is
particularly evident in exhibitionism.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic
tendencies. A Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies
people with a high probability of being exhibitionists. The Exhibitionism
Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other
SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
Incest Classification: Measures incestuous behavior. Incest refers to
coitus between persons related by blood or marriage, i.e., parents, siblings
or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest.
And, incest does not refer to persons of the same sex. Incest is most common
between brother and sister, and the next most common form is between father
and daughter. Incest is a criminal act.
Of the six non-sex item scales, the
Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale and the Impulsiveness Scale could be important factors
involved in initial incestuous relationships. However, incest has many
character disorder features. It is a complex term involving moral, social and
religious attitudes. The Incest Classification can be interpreted independently of
other scale scores.
Summary of sex-related SAI-Juvenile scales: The Sexual Adjustment
Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) is designed to identify sexually deviate and
paraphiliac behavior in people accused, convicted or treated for sexual
offenses. To see how these sex-related scales (measures) are reported
click on the SAI-Juvenile Example Report link.
The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale
determines if the juvenile was open and honest while answering sex-related
items. These sex-related scales include the Sexual Adjustment Scale, Child
(Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, Incest Classification and
Exhibitionism Scale. The remaining seven non-sex item scales will now be
discussed.
The SAI-Juvenile is designed for sex
offender assessment. Yet, in addition to sex-related scales (measures)
it also assesses other non-sex-related scales or measures. These
non-sex-related areas of inquiry include juvenile truthfulness while being
tested, substance (alcohol and other drugs) use, violence proneness,
antisocial attitudes, impulsiveness and distress. It is important to note
that the SAI-Juvenile and all of its scales are standardized (normed) on the
juvenile sex offender population.
* * * *
*
SEVEN NON-SEX-RELATED
SCALES
Non-Sex Related Scales Summary
Test Item
Truthfulness Scale
Alcohol Scale
Drugs Scale
Violence Scale
Antisocial
Scale
Distress Scale
Impulsiveness Scale
NON SEX RELATED SCALES
The SAI-Juvenile is designed for
paraphilia and sexual offender assessment. Yet, it contains other areas of
inquiry that are also important in understanding the sex offender. The
SAI-Juvenile is much more than just another sex test. The SAI-Juvenile
measures a wide variety of behaviors considered important in sex offender
evaluations.
Test Item
Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while
completing non-sex items in the SAI-Juvenile. It identifies guarded and
defensive people who attempt to minimize their problems or fake good. It also
identifies reading impaired clients.
The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has
been correlated with non-sex item scales in the SAI-Juvenile. A Truth
Correction equation then converts raw scale scores to Truth-Corrected scores.
Raw scores reflect what the client wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores
reveal what the client is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more
accurate than raw scores.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at
or above the 90th percentile mean that all
non-sex item scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such invalidity
include client minimization of problems, reading things into items that aren't
there, or the client was attempting to fake good. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the
89th percentile mean that all non-sex item
scale scores are accurate.
Clients with reading impairments may
also score in the Severe Problem (90th to
100th percentile) range. A few questions about
the client's education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of a
reading impairment. If the client can read the newspaper, he/she can read the
SAI-Juvenile.
Why two truthfulness
scales?
In sex offender evaluation, it is important to know if the client is
truthful. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was
truthful when answering test items with an obvious sexual connotation. In
contrast, the Test Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was
truthful when answering non-sex-related items.
These two truthfulness scales are
presented (percentile score and graph) adjacent to each other on the first
page of the SAI-Juvenile report to facilitate easy comparison. At a glance,
SAI-Juvenile users know: a. If the client lied to sex item
questions, b. If the client lied to non-sex item
questions, c. If the client lied to both sex-related and
non-sex-related questions, or d. If the client answered SAI-Juvenile items
honestly. These truth versus dishonest answer options are straightforward yet
very important when evaluating sex offenders. These proprietary truthfulness
scales provide a wealth of respondent information before staff even look at
SAI-Juvenile scale scores. Other assessment instruments and tests do not
provide such information about client honesty. Comparison of these
truthfulness scales provide considerable insight into client motivation,
evasiveness strategies (if they exist) and intent.
Alcohol Scale: Measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse.
Alcohol refers to beer, wine or other liquor. Alcohol use or abuse is often an
important factor to be understood when evaluating people accused or convicted
of a sex offense.
Alcohol is a significant problem in our
society. The harm associated with alcohol abuse -- mental, emotional and
physical -- is well documented. All too frequently, sex offenders state they
were intoxicated when the offense occurred.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Alcohol Scale score identifies emerging drinking problems. An
Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies serious and established drinking problems.
Elevated Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale
scores indicate polysubstance abuse, and the higher score often reflects the
client's substance of choice. Elevated Alcohol Scale and Violence Scale scores
are a malignant sign. Alcohol abuse can magnify a person's violent tendencies.
Similarly, alcohol abuse can serve as a release mechanism for antisocial
thinking and behavior. Alcohol Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range compound client risk even more. Judgment often decreases as
alcohol consumption increases. Elevated Alcohol and Distress Scale scores may
initially represent an attempt to self-medicate, while intoxication may
exacerbate suicidal ideation. The more of these scales that are elevated with
the Alcohol Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The
Alcohol Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other
SAI-Juvenile scale scores. When alcohol abuse is problematic, it becomes an
important part of the sex offender's treatment program.
Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and abuse.
Illicit drug use has become a serious problem in our society. Drugs refer to
marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Drugs Scale score identifies emerging drug problems. A Severe
Problem (90th to 100th percentile) Drugs Scale score identifies
established and very serious drug problems.
Elevated Alcohol, Violence, Antisocial
and Distress Scales with an elevated Drugs Scale score is a malignant sign.
Drug abuse can be part of polysubstance (drugs and alcohol) abuse, exacerbate
violent tendencies, magnify antisocial beliefs (paranoia) and further impair
judgment. Elevated Drugs and Distress Scale scores may represent attempts at
self-medication; whereas, severe scores may represent suicidal thinking and
acting out potential. The more of these scales that are elevated with the
Drugs Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Drugs
Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other scale
scores. When drugs use is problematic, it becomes an important factor to be
worked through in sex offender treatment programs.
Violence
(Lethality) Scale: Measures the client's use of physical force
to injure, damage and destroy. The Violence Scale identifies people who are
dangerous to themselves and others.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) Violence Scale score identifies violence prone individuals. A
Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies very violent and dangerous people. Some people
are "violence prone" and often have a chip on their shoulder. They are
sensitive to perceived insults, want to "get even" and overtly act out with
little provocation.
Elevated Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and
Distress Scales with an elevated Violence Scale are dangerous combinations
because each of these scales represents potential violence magnifiers. When
the elevated Distress Scale score is higher than the elevated Violence Scale
score, anticipate an emotionally overwhelmed person who is in great pain and
manifesting suicidal thinking. Elevated Antisocial Scale and Violence Scale
scorers are problematic in that the clients may externalize their violent
feelings to others, authority, institutions or federal agencies. Severe
Problem Violence Scale scorers are dangerous to themselves and others. The
Violence Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other
SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
Antisocial Scale: Measures
aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent behavior that flouts social and
ethical codes, such as laws relating to personal and property rights.
Antisocial people are often opposed to society or existing organizations and
moral codes. Antisocial attitudes and behavior are characterized by lack of
responsibility, poor judgment and a seeming inability to learn from
experience.
Elevated Antisocial Scale scores in the
Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) range identify emerging antisocial
tendencies. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies established and extreme antisocial attitudes and
behavior.
Elevated Antisocial and Violence Scale
scores represent a dangerous profile in which the client often focuses their
violent actions against society and its institutions. The higher the scores,
the more dangerous the individual.
Elevated
Alcohol and Drugs Scales are often associated with impaired judgment. Judgment
impairments become more extreme as these scale scores escalate into the Severe
Problem range.
An elevated Antisocial Scale score in
combination with an elevated Distress Scale score can be problematic,
particularly in the Severe Problem range. These scale scores often identify
people on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed (anxiety, depression and
distress) with established antisocial thinking exacerbated. In these
instances, the client feels progressively more and more isolated and
desperate. Such people can be dangerous to themselves and others. The
Antisocial Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other
SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
Distress Scale: Measures
experienced pain (physical and mental) hurt and suffering. The Distress Scale
provides a quantitative score that varies directly with the client's
self-reported symptoms. This definition of distress incorporates medical
problems, pain and suffering. Distress is one of the most common reasons
people initiate counseling or psychotherapy. And, it often serves as the
beginning point in clinical inquiry. The magnitude of the Distress Scale is
important. Elevated
scores at or above the 70th percentile level
indicate that something is wrong. Distress Scale scores in the Severe Problem
(90th to 100th
percentile) range indicate the client is hurting, on the verge of being
overwhelmed and desperate. These individuals are often desperate and need
help. Consideration should be given to referring these individuals to a
certified/licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment
plan.
Sometimes, elevated Alcohol and Drugs
Scale scores in conjunction with an elevated Distress Scale score identify
hurting individuals that are attempting to self-medicate. Concurrently
elevated Violence and Distress Scale scores are problematic. The highest
Severe Problem score can provide insight regarding internalization (suicide)
or externalization (explosive/homicide) of frustration, hostility and
distress. These are malignant prognostic signs. Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) Antisocial and Distress Scale scores are descriptive of a very
dangerous person. Add in an elevated Violence Scale, and such a person could
engage in terrorist type behaviors. The Distress Scale can be interpreted
independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scales. An elevated
Distress Scale score with elevated sex-related scales would have a very direct
interpretation in terms of dissatisfaction, unhappiness or guilt. A person
with a Severe Problem Distress Scale score typically will readily discuss
their feelings with a sincerely interested staff member.
Impulsiveness Scale: identifies people that abruptly engage
in activities without adequate forethought, reflection or consideration of consequences.
There are several definitions of "impulsive" on the web that use a variety of words like
"without forethought," "capricious," "whim," "undue haste" and "impetuous."
An elevated (70th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score characterizes
people that are impulsive and often act without deliberation. Although quick to act or respond these
people are not out of control. Problem risk (70 to 89th percentile) scorers are hasty and tend to act
without reflection or consideration of consequences. Problem risk Impulsiveness Scale scorers are capable
of impulsive offending. In contrast, Low Risk (zero to 39th percentile) scorers and Medium Risk scorers
would not engage in impulsive offending as they would typically deliberate think of the consequences and
act with forethought.
Severe Problem Risk (90 to 100th percentile) scorers are very impulsive people who typically act without
forethought or consideration of consequences in most, if not all of their life. Impulsivity could be a
factor in their offending if such were to occur. Impulsiveness could be an important contributing factor
in sexual offending per se.
SAI-JUVENILE SUMMARY
As stated earlier, the following table is a starting
point for interpreting SAI-Juvenile scale scores.
SAI-JUVENILE RISK
RANGES
Risk Category
Risk Range Percentile
Total Percentage
Low
Risk
0 -
39%
39%
Medium
Risk
40 -
69%
30%
Problem
Risk
70 -
89%
20%
Severe
Problem
90 -
100%
11%
A problem is not identified until a
scale score is at or above the 70th
percentile. Elevated
scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70th percentile. Severe Problem scores are at or above the 90th percentile. Problem Risk scores represent 20% of respondents evaluated
with the SAI-Juvenile. Severe Problem scores represent the highest 11% of respondents evaluated
with the SAI-Juvenile. The SAI-Juvenile has been normed on thousands of sex
offenders, and this normative sample continues to expand with each
SAI-Juvenile test that is administered.
Sex offender assessment is particularly
complex, involving clinical considerations (victim and perpetrator), concern
about harm to others and legal issues. Such evaluation should include record
review, interviews and test results. No decision should be based solely upon
test results.
In conclusion, the Sexual Adjustment
Inventory and the SAI-Juvenile measure a wide variety of attitudes and
behaviors that are important for understanding sex offenders. In addition to
identifying sexual deviates and paraphilias, the SAI-Juvenile quantifies
client substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence and lethal acting
out potential, antisocial thinking, distress (anxiety and depression) and
impulsiveness. The SAI-Juvenile provides information important for the
identification and understanding of people that inappropriately act on their
sexual urges.
An example SAI-Juvenile report follows.
* * * * *
SAI-JUVENILE REPORT
An example SAI-Juvenile report is
provided for review. Each of these reports utilizes the same format or
outline, yet they are highly individualized. These five-page reports summarize
SAI-Juvenile scale scores, explain what they mean and present score-related
recommendations.
Additional information can be provided upon request by writing:
Risk
& Needs Assessment, Inc. P.O. Box 44828 Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828
Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506
Our fax number is (602) 266-8227
and
our e-mail address is
sheryl@riskandneeds.com
.